Original Article

Aging Population in Vietnam: Challenges, Implications, and Policy Recommendations

Please cite this article as follows: Maheshwari A, Maheshwari G. Aging population in Vietnam: challenges, implications, and policy recommendations. Int J Aging. 2024;2: e1. doi: 10.34172/ija.2024.e1

Introduction

Vietnam, a Southeast Asian country, achieved middle-income status in the early 2010s, encountering challenges typical of such countries: declining fertility and mortality rates. According to the demographic transition model (DTM) in Figure 1, Vietnam currently resides in stage 3, marked by rapidly falling birth rates and decreasing death rates. This signifies a decline in the youth population and an increase in the old-age dependency ratio, a vital demographic indicator comparing the number of individuals aged 65 and above to the working-age population (15 to 64).

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Figure 1.

Demographic Transition Model

Figure 1.

Demographic Transition Model

A higher old-age dependency ratio implies a larger proportion of older adults relative to the working-age population, posing potential challenges to the economy and social support systems. This ratio reflects the economic burden on the working-age population, impacting resources for social welfare, healthcare, and pensions. Elevated ratios can strain government spending, leading to challenges such as labor shortages, increased healthcare costs, potential decreases in overall quality of life, and road safety issues.¹

As Vietnam progresses into stage 4 of the DTM, the base of the population pyramid is expected to narrow due to low birth rates, resulting in a top-heavy structure with a broader top, as depicted in Figure 2 (2050 population pyramid). This shift indicates population aging, measured by the ratio of people above 65 years old to the total population, indicating the share of older individuals in society.²

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Figure 2.

Population Age/SexPyramid of Vietnam.¹¹

Figure 2.

Population Age/SexPyramid of Vietnam.¹¹

The global population was 3.032 billion in 1960, increased to 7.762 billion by 2020 (as shown in Table 1), and is projected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050 and around 11 billion by 2100.³ The percentage of individuals below 14 years old has declined from 37.2% to 25.5% from 1960 to 2020, while the percentage of those aged 65 and above has risen from approximately 5% to 9.3% during the same period.

Presently, approximately 9% of the global population is 65 years and older, and this figure is projected to rise to 16% by 2050, indicating that one in six individuals will be over 65.³ Research indicates that aging populations pose challenges to the fiscal and macroeconomic stability of numerous nations, given the increasing state expenditure on pensions, healthcare, and welfare programs for older adults.^4,5 The reallocation of public funds from education and investments to support older population adversely impacts economic growth and overall quality of life.⁶ Therefore, implementing timely and effective policy measures becomes imperative to ensure macroeconomic and fiscal sustainability.⁷ As the population ages, governments must devise targeted policies for older individuals, encompassing healthcare, social protection measures, housing, and employment.⁸

Concerning Vietnam, a demographic shift in aging is anticipated, evident in the changing age composition illustrated by age/sex pyramids (Figure 2) for 2020 and projections for 2035 and 2050. Each bar in the pyramid represents the percentage of the population in 5-year intervals, with the bottom bar representing 0–4 years and the top bar representing 80 + years. The age distribution of males is shown on the left, and that of females is shown on the right. The pyramid indicates a rapid transformation from almost 7% to 14% of the population aged 65 years or above in just 15 years (from 2020 to 2035). This aging rate surpasses that of other developed countries, such as France (115 years), Sweden (85 years), Australia (73 years), the US (69 years), Canada (65 years), and the UK (45 years) ⁹. The “Squeezed Middle” by 2050, depicted in the population pyramid (Figure 2), suggests an almost three-fold increase in older people (21%) compared to 2020. Currently, Vietnam’s labor force constitutes 57% of the population, with significant employment in the manufacturing, services, and agriculture sectors.¹⁰ Future demographic shifts may lead to a substantial labor shortage, emerging as a primary concern for Vietnam.

While population aging is a global phenomenon observed in every country,¹² Vietnam is undergoing this transformation at a pace faster than many developed nations. Consequently, it becomes imperative for the Vietnamese government to enact policies that address this issue and establish a new paradigm aligning with demographic aging to sustain economic and social growth. This commentary aimed to critically review the challenges posed by the aging population in Vietnam and offer recommendations for policymakers in addressing these challenges in the coming years. The subsequent sections are organized as follows: a global overview of aging, a specific examination of the aging scenario in Vietnam, an exploration of the consequences of aging in Vietnam, governmental responses to date, and finally, recommendations for policymakers. The review concludes with some closing remarks in the final section.

Global Scenario of Aging

Globally, a significant demographic transformation is underway, marked by a rise in the older population (65 years and above).⁶ The world’s median age is increasing due to declining fertility rates and extended life expectancy, contributing to a rapid aging of the population. The age structure may undergo further changes with sustained declines in fertility rates, increased life expectancy, and migration of younger populations. According to a previous report,³ the projected proportion of older adults (65 years or above) is anticipated to increase from 9.3% (as in Table 1) to approximately 12% by 2030, 16% by 2050, and 23% by 2100 (Table 2). In Latin America and the Caribbean region, the percentage of older individuals is expected to grow from 9% in 2019 to 19% in 2050. Conversely, South-eastern Asia projects an increase in the older population (65 years or above) from 11% in 2019 to 24% in 2050. Meanwhile, the Sub-Saharan region, having the youngest population, foresees an increase in the older adult population from 3% in 2019 to 5% in 2050 (Table 2). In 2019, Europe and Northern America had the highest proportion of older people (18%), followed by Australia and New Zealand with a proportion of 16% (Table 2). Projections indicate that one in every four people in Europe and Northern America will be above 65 years by 2050. Table 2 provides an overview of the proportion of people aged 65 or above in 2019, with projections for 2030, 2050, and 2100.

As of 2020, the latest available data in Asia (as in Table 3) indicates an average aging population proportion of around 7%. Among Asian regions, Central Asia exhibits the lowest aging population, averaging 5.2%, while Eastern Asia has an average aging population percentage of approximately 15.2%, followed by South-eastern Asia (7.1%). Western Asia and Southern Asia report average aging population percentages of 6.3% and 5.8%, respectively. Out of 45 Asian countries in 2020, 10 countries, including Japan, Korea, Georgia, Cyprus, Singapore, Thailand, Israel, China, Armenia, and Sri Lanka, recorded an older population proportion exceeding 10%. Conversely, the United Arab Emirates had the lowest percentage of older people in 2020 among all Asian countries (1.3%). Vietnam ranked 13th among 45 countries in 2020, with an older adult population percentage of 8%.

Scenario of Aging in Vietnam

Vietnam has experienced a notable decline in fertility rates, dropping from 4.2 births per woman in 1985 to 2.1 in 2020 (Figure 3).¹³ This decline coincided with the market-based economic reforms implemented in 1986. Additionally, life expectancy in Vietnam has exhibited a positive trend, rising from 59 to 79.4 years between 1960 and 2020¹³ as illustrated in Figure 3.

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Figure 3.

Fertility Rate and Life Expectancy in Vietnam.¹³

Figure 3.

Fertility Rate and Life Expectancy in Vietnam.¹³

The data analysis for this study involved the compilation of results from various websites and research papers, without using any specific method. Examining data from 1960 to 2020 in Vietnam reveals significant demographic shifts. The proportion of children aged 0–14 has decreased from 40.1% to 23.2%, while the percentage of the working-age population has declined from 81.3% to 45.1%. Concurrently, the aging population has increased from 4.7% to 7.9% over the past six decades (Figure 4). According to a previous study,¹³ Vietnam turned into an aging society in 2015 and is projected to become an aged society by 2035, making it one of the fastest-aging countries globally. The experts suggest that the aging population in Vietnam will increase in the coming decades. Vietnam is projected to exit from the “golden population structure” within the next 20 years, raising concerns about the prospect of Vietnamese people “getting old before becoming rich”.¹⁴

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Figure 4.

Age Structure in Vietnam.¹³

Figure 4.

Age Structure in Vietnam.¹³

According to the latest available data for 2020, the median age of Vietnam’s population is 32.5 years, which is projected to increase to 41.2 years by 2050.¹⁵ Figure 5 illustrates the changes in the median age, showing a steady rise, reaching 41.2 years in the projection for 2050.

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Figure 5.

Median Age (Past, Current, and Projected) in Vietnam.¹³

Figure 5.

Median Age (Past, Current, and Projected) in Vietnam.¹³

Demography of Aging Population in Vietnam (Regional) in 2019

Vietnam has been traditionally divided into three main regions: North, Central, and South, each distinguished by unique geographical and cultural features.

1. Northern Region: It is characterized by mountainous terrain and a cooler climate. The Northern Region is home to the capital city, Hanoi. It is renowned for its rich history and cultural heritage. This region has played a significant role in shaping Vietnam’s political landscape.

2. Central Region: It stretches from the northern to the southern borders of Vietnam. The Central Region boasts a diverse landscape, encompassing coastal areas and highlands. This area has been a historical and cultural crossroads for centuries.

3. Southern Region: It encompasses the Mekong Delta and major urban centers like Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon). The Southern Region features a tropical climate and fertile plains. It serves as an economic hub and plays a vital role in Vietnam’s overall development.

Vietnam consists of 5 major cities and 57 provinces. The Population and Housing Census (PHC) is conducted every decade, with the fifth census taking place in 2019., It began on April 1, 2019, under Prime Minister’s Decision No. 772/QĐ-TTg dated June 26, 2018.¹⁶ Table 4 illustrates the distribution of the aging population, categorized by gender, in each major city and province in Vietnam. Numbers 1-31 represent Northern cities and provinces, 32-44 represent the Central Region, and the remainder belong to the Southern Region. The old-age dependency ratio, indicating the proportion of the older adult population (65 years and above) to the working-age population (15–64 years old), is approximately 11% nationwide. This implies that 10 working individuals support 1 older person.

The province with the lowest aging population is Binh Duong in the South (3.1%), while Thai Binh province in the North has the highest aging population (12.7%). Similarly, the old-age dependency ratio ranges from 4.1% (Binh Duong) to 19.5% (Thai Binh). The aging population in males varies from 2.4% to 10.5%, while in females, it ranges from 3.9% to 14.7%, indicating that the female population is aging faster than the male population. Thai Binh has the highest old-age dependency ratio (20%), implying that five working persons support one older adult. In contrast, Binh Duong has the lowest ratio (4.1%).

Discussion

This section explores the impacts of the aging population in Vietnam, addressing various aspects as discussed below.

Macroeconomic Impact

The aging population has a detrimental impact on the productivity and economic growth of the country. The study conducted by Lindh and Malmberg¹⁷ and corroborated by Aiyar and Ebeke¹⁸ suggested an inverse relationship between the population aged 65 and above and productivity. Studies in East Asia, as indicated in a previous study,¹⁹ emphasize the significant impact of the old-age dependency ratio on the economic growth of a country. The rise in the old-age dependency ratio places an additional burden on the working-age population, requiring them to support more individuals and potentially leading to higher taxes for funding healthcare. This, in turn, creates disincentives for work and investment, resulting in a decline in overall productivity and economic growth.²⁰ Moreover, older individuals may face challenges adapting to technological and business model changes, posing a threat to the international competitiveness of the country.²¹ As the demographic transition progresses, with a shift from a young to an older population and declining fertility rates, the economically active population is expected to decrease, leading to shortages in the labor market. This aging trend may particularly impact occupations such as construction, farming, and manual labor, where a preference for younger workers exists.²²

The aging population may contribute to increased urban-rural migration, with older individuals seeking rural areas for lower crime rates, greater greenery, and a slower pace of life.²³ This migration pattern could lead to a decline in urban populations, potentially causing businesses to shut down due to decreased demand and resulting in unemployment. Additionally, it may reduce investment in cities, posing challenges for long-term growth.^24,25 Another consequence could be a rise in older adult poverty, caused by families unable or unwilling to care for the elderly and pension systems lacking sufficient strength to support them. This scenario may lead to both relative and absolute poverty, ultimately impacting long-term living standards.^26-28

Fiscal Sustainability

The rapid growth of the aging population poses a significant threat to fiscal sustainability, characterized by two key challenges: (1) a decline in taxpayers due to the diminishing working-age population and (2) increasing government spending on healthcare for the aging population.²⁹ This dynamic leads to a surge in public debt, marked by higher healthcare expenditures for the elderly and reduced tax revenue resulting from a shrinking working-age population. The increased allocation to healthcare systems represents an opportunity cost, diverting funds away from economic development.^30,31 In regions like Europe and Latin America, where public transfers are substantial, unchanged taxation and benefit patterns will intensify fiscal pressure on public transfer systems due to the aging population. Conversely, in Southern and South-Eastern Asian countries with relatively low public transfers, individuals and families face significant pressure to self-finance their consumption during old age.

Consequences of Aging Population in Vietnam

The consequences of aging are evident in Vietnam’s tax revenue, national debt, and government health expenditure. Figure 6 illustrates a decline in tax revenue over the years. The national debt, measured as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP), represents the financial obligations of the national government. Figure 7 shows no definitive trend in the national debt as a percentage of GDP, displaying an upward trend until 2022 and a projected decline thereafter. The surge in government spending creates a fiscal imbalance as revenues decline (Figure 6), with recent years witnessing an increase in health expenditure compared to historical figures (Figure 8). This underscores the potential impact of aging on the economic growth of a country without appropriate policy interventions in the future.

The Vietnamese government has taken the following measures to tackle the challenges associated with the aging population.

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Figure 6.

Government’s Tax Revenue (% of GDP).³²

Figure 6.

Government’s Tax Revenue (% of GDP).³²

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Figure 7.

National Debt of Vietnam from 2016 to 2026 (Projected) Concerning the Gross Domestic Product.¹⁵

Figure 7.

National Debt of Vietnam from 2016 to 2026 (Projected) Concerning the Gross Domestic Product.¹⁵

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Figure 8.

Government’s Health Expenditure (% of GDP).¹³

Figure 8.

Government’s Health Expenditure (% of GDP).¹³

Government Initiative 1: Raising the Retirement Age

To overcome the issue of early retirement, Vietnam has increased the retirement age from 55 to 60 years for women and from 60 to 62 years for men starting in 2021.³³ However, it will be very unpopular, especially among those reaching retirement age. Increasing the retirement age can be a short-term solution as it increases the working-age population for a few years, which helps reduce the pension expenses and health care burden on the government.³⁴

Government Initiative 2: Encouraging Young Parents to Increase the Fertility Rate

To address the rapidly growing aging population, the Vietnamese government promotes early marriage and encourages young couples to have more children. In line with this initiative, Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc issued Decision No. 588 in late April, urging individuals to marry before the age of 30 and ideally have their second child by the age of 35.³⁵ This decision aims to sustain a favorable total replacement fertility rate, defined as the average number of children born per woman needed to maintain the population level in the future, typically around 2.1 children per woman for most countries.³⁶

Recommendations

The Vietnamese government must devise a strategy to study the demographic shift while sustaining the economic growth of the country. The diminishing labor force implies fewer individuals contributing taxes, resulting in reduced government tax revenue. Concurrently, government expenditure rises to support the aging population through regular pensions and healthcare services. This scenario, characterized by decreased tax revenue and increased spending, may lead to a prolonged budget deficit, posing long-term sustainability challenges. Additionally, it could impose a burden on the working population through potential future tax increases. The recommendations outlined below aim to address the aging issue in both the short and long term, supplementing the measures already implemented by the government. Hence, in addition to the government’s efforts, the following six recommendations are offered to address the challenges posed by the aging population.

Recommendation 1: Enhancing the Skilled Workforce and Promoting Diversity in Labor Force Participation

It is crucial to promote skilled immigration for immediate workforce needs, but considering the long-term impact on the aging population, there is a parallel need to focus on educating and training the younger generation. Access to education and training should be expanded to upgrade workforce skills. For instance, data from 2019 census reveals that 26 out of 100 individuals at high school age do not attend high school. Moreover, only 39.1% of the workforce has achieved high school or higher qualifications, and merely 23.1% hold professional certificates.³⁷ This underscores a challenge for high-tech foreign investors seeking to invest in Vietnam, as there is a demand for more highly trained and skilled workers. Addressing this challenge involves supporting skill development in the workforce, ultimately boosting productivity and fostering growth. Building a technologically advanced economy is imperative for sustained economic development in the medium to long term.

Recommendation 2: Investment in Technology, Research and Development (R&D), Human Capital, and Education

To address workforce gaps, leveraging artificial intelligence and technology is imperative. This approach ensures sustained production, leading to increased consumption and contributing to the country’s economic growth. While investing in technology may be a costly endeavour, it offers a long-term solution. To stimulate innovation and create more investment opportunities, there should be an emphasis on increasing funding for research and development. Investing in human capital through training programs is essential for upskilling both the aging population and the existing workforce. Training enables older individuals to easily adapt to technological innovations. Additionally, development of the healthcare system with a focus on information technology facilitates and incorporating them to disease management activities accessible to and adaptable by the older population deem necessary.

Recommendation 3: Encouraging Replacement Migration for Sustaining Workforce and Skills

Replacement migration is another long-term solution to the aging problem, and it is the amount of migration across international borders that would be required to counteract population aging generally as well as declines in working-age population size. Replacement migration has proven beneficial to populations with low fertility rates and decreases in population size, as it helps maintain a younger demographic profile in many European countries. Hence, the policies that can encourage international migration to Vietnam will help the country maintain the working-age population and increase the skilled workforce.

Recommendation 4: Enhancing Funding and Research Opportunities

To strengthen the foundations for sustainable development, it is crucial to increase investments in R&D. This involves not only enhancing funding opportunities but also creating an environment that fosters innovation and technological advancement. By allocating resources to R&D initiatives, Vietnam can harness the power of innovation to tackle the challenges posed by the aging population. This recommendation emphasizes the importance of creating a robust framework for funding and research activities to propel the nation towards a future marked by economic resilience and continuous growth.

Recommendation 5: Implementing Comprehensive Social Protection Programs

In response to the mounting financial pressure on old-age support systems resulting from aging, it is imperative to implement enduring and comprehensive social protection programs. These initiatives aim to reduce poverty, diminish inequality, and foster social inclusion for older individuals.^5,38 Long-term care policies, including health and life insurance packages, can be introduced with subsidized premiums for older individuals, alleviating the burden on both younger family members and older individuals responsible for self-care.

Recommendation 6: Increase Income Tax Revenue

Adjusting income tax rates to generate additional revenue for balancing increased health and pension expenditures could be considered as a potential solution to address fiscal balance challenges in the country. However, it may face resistance due to potential unpopularity and can reduce work incentives. This approach may serve as a short-term measure to investigate challenges associated with the aging population.

Conclusion

In conclusion, population aging is an inevitable phenomenon that profoundly impacts a country’s economic performance, as well as its fiscal and monetary policies. Rapid population aging presents both opportunities and challenges for Vietnam. To maximize the benefits and effectively manage the risks, the government should formulate appropriate and adaptive policies. These policies should prioritize continuing lifelong education and healthcare to ensure equal opportunities for women and older individuals.³. They should also focus on increasing the skilled workforce and fostering diversity in the labor force. Implementing family-friendly policies that support work-life balance can contribute to enhanced gender equality.^3,39 Additionally, investing in technology, research and development, and human capital development is crucial for maintaining production despite the shrinking workforce. Encouraging international migration is another avenue to address the aging problem, and policies designed to attract migrants can be beneficial. Strengthening the old-age support system through the introduction of social protection programs can alleviate the burden on younger family members. While it may be inevitable to prevent the country’s population from aging, well-chosen policies can mitigate the macroeconomic decline associated with population aging.

Limitations and Directions for Future Research

Similar to other research studies, this study also has certain limitations. First, it is essential to note that this article is primarily a review (commentary) and hence lacks empirical evidence. Future studies can focus on empirical evidence to identify the effects of aging. Second, empirical studies and reviews (commentary) should be carried out to make comparisons between Vietnam and other nations and provide valuable insights into the diverse strategies employed worldwide to tackle the challenges of an aging population. Third, a panel study would contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the aging issue in Vietnam. These panel studies might focus on specific aspects and variables, as listed below:

1. Economic Dynamics: conducting a longitudinal analysis of GDP growth, labor force participation, and economic productivity over time in relation to the evolving demographic structure

2. Health and Well-being: tracking health outcomes and overall well-being of the aging population, examining factors such as healthcare access, prevalence of chronic diseases (e.g., heart diseases),40 obesity issues,41 and mental health indicators

3. Regional Variation: investigating regional disparities in aging trends, considering differences in healthcare infrastructure, socioeconomic conditions, and cultural factors

4. Gender-specific Challenges: analyzing gender-specific aspects of aging, including economic disparities, health challenges, and social integration, to comprehend the unique experiences of older adult men and women

5. Impact on Caregivers: assessing the effects of aging on families and caregivers, studying changes in family structures, caregiver burden, and the effectiveness of support systems

6. Technological Adaptation: evaluating the adoption of technology among the aging population, tracking changes in digital literacy, technology use, and its impact on daily life and productivity

7. Migration Patterns: examining the patterns and effects of international migration in response to population aging, understanding how migration contributes to or mitigates challenges associated with an aging population

8. Effectiveness of Government Policy: evaluating the effectiveness of government initiatives, such as changes in retirement age and fertility encouragement, by assessing their impact on the aging population and the overall economy

9. Socio-psychological Dimensions: Exploring socio-psychological aspects of aging, including loneliness, mental health challenges, and the effectiveness of existing social support systems

Fourth, within the existing literature on aging in Vietnam, a notable limitation is the relatively scant attention given to the socio-psychological aspects of aging. Although this paper delves into economic impacts and provides policy recommendations, there exists a discernible gap in the exploration of mental health, social integration, and the overall well-being of the aging population. Future research endeavors could delve into the psychosocial dimensions of aging in Vietnam, probing into factors such as loneliness, mental health challenges, and the efficacy of prevailing social support systems. The fifth limitation is the need for more in-depth regional analyses. While the paper provides a broad overview of aging trends in Vietnam, it does not extensively explore regional variations. Future research could delve into the unique challenges faced by aging populations in different provinces or cities, considering variations in healthcare infrastructure, socioeconomic conditions, and cultural factors. This regional approach could offer more targeted policy recommendations tailored to specific contexts.

Sixth, there is a gap in understanding the experiences of different demographic groups within the aging population, such as gender-specific challenges or the impact of rural-urban disparities. Future research could adopt a more intersectional approach to uncover how factors like gender, location, and socioeconomic status intersect with aging experiences in Vietnam. Finally, there may be limitations related to data sources and research methodologies employed in this study. Future research could explore innovative data collection methods, such as longitudinal studies or qualitative approaches, to provide a more nuanced understanding of the dynamic and evolving nature of aging in Vietnam.

Author contributions

Conceptualization: Anika Maheshwari.

Data curation: Anika Maheshwari, Greeni Maheshwari.

Formal analysis: Anika Maheshwari, Greeni Maheshwari.

Investigation: Anika Maheshwari, Greeni Maheshwari.

Methodology: Anika Maheshwari, Greeni Maheshwari.

Project administration: Anika Maheshwari.

Resources: Anika Maheshwari, Greeni Maheshwari.

Software: Anika Maheshwari, Greeni Maheshwari.

Supervision: Anika Maheshwari, Greeni Maheshwari.

Validation: Anika Maheshwari, Greeni Maheshwari.

Visualization: Anika Maheshwari, Greeni Maheshwari.

Writing–original draft: Anika Maheshwari, Greeni Maheshwari.

Writing–review & editing: Anika Maheshwari, Greeni Maheshwari.

Funding

None.

Data availability statement

All data generated or analyzed during the study are included in this published article.

Ethical approval

Not Applicable.

Consent for publication

Not Applicable.

Conflict of interests

The Authors declares that there is no conflict of interest.

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